Leonardo Pisano was the first great mathematician Essay Example For Students

Leonardo Pisano was the principal extraordinary mathematician Essay of medievalChristian Europe. He assumed a significant job in revivingancient science and made incredible commitments of his own. After his passing in 1240, Leonardo Pisano got known as LeonardoFibonacci. Leonardo Fibonacci was conceived in Pisa in around 1180, the child of an individual from the administration of the Republic of Pisa. At the point when he was 12 years of age, his dad was made direct of Pisas exchanging province Algeria. It was in Algeria that he was shown the craft of figuring. His instructor, who remains totally obscure appeared to have conferred to him not just an incredibly down to earth and balanced establishment in arithmetic, yet in addition a genuine logical interest. In 1202, two years after at last settling in Pisa, Fibonacciproduced his most acclaimed book, Liber abaci (the book of theCalculator). The book comprised of four sections, and was modified byhim a fourth of a century later (in 1228). It was a thoroughtreatise on logarithmic strategies and issues which stronglyemphasized and supported the presentation of the Indo-Arabicnumeral framework, containing the figures one to nine, and theinnovation of the zephirum the figure zero. Managing withoperations in entire numbers methodicallly, he additionally proposed theidea of the bar (solidus) for divisions, and went on to developrules for changing over portion factors into the aggregate of unitfactors. We will compose a custom paper on Leonardo Pisano was the main incredible mathematician explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Toward the finish of the initial segment of the book, he presentedtables for augmentation, prime numbers and factor numbers. Inthe second part he showed numerical applications tocommercial exchanges. Partially three he gave numerous instances of recreationalmathematical issues, much like the sort which are enjoyedtoday. Next he arranged a proposition on arrangement from which was determined what is presently called the Fibonnaci arrangement. The FibonacciSequence is likewise named after Fibonacci. The Fibonacci sequenceis a succession where each term is the aggregate of two termsimmediately going before it. The Fibonacci Sequence that has one asits first term is 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55. . . . Thenumbers may likewise be alluded to as Fibonacci numbers. Fibonaccisequences have demonstrated helpful in number hypothesis, geometry, thetheory of proceeded with divisions, and hereditary qualities. They likewise emerge inmany random wonders, for instance, the Golden Section, (whosevalue is 1.6180) a shape esteemed in workmanship and design becauseof its satisfying extents, and winding course of action of petals andbranches on particular kinds of blossoms and plants. In the last piece of the book Fibonnaci, an understudy of Euclid, applied the logarithmic technique. Fibonaccis book, the Liberabaci stayed a standard book for the following two centuries. In 1220 he distributed Practica geometriae, a book on geometrythat was exceptionally huge to future investigations of the subject. In ithe utilizes mathematical strategies to take care of numerous arithmetical andgeometrical issues. He additionally distributed Flos (blossoms) in 1224. In this work he consolidated Euclidean philosophy with procedures ofChinese and Arabic source in taking care of determinate issues. Liber quadratorum was distributed in 1225(Book of SquareNumbers) was devoted to the Holy Roman sovereign, Frederick II. This book was committed totally to Diophantine conditions of thesecond degree (i.e., containing squares). The Liber quadratorummay be considered Fibonaccis artful culmination. It is a systematicallyarranged assortment of hypotheses, many concocted by the creator, whoused his own evidences to work out general arrangements. Likely hismost imaginative work was in compatible numbers-numbers that givethe same leftover portion when partitioned by a given number. He worked outan unique answer for finding a number that, when added to orsubtracted from a square number, leaves a square number. .u64193097a518662e3a49bc1a1fa9125e , .u64193097a518662e3a49bc1a1fa9125e .postImageUrl , .u64193097a518662e3a49bc1a1fa9125e .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u64193097a518662e3a49bc1a1fa9125e , .u64193097a518662e3a49bc1a1fa9125e:hover , .u64193097a518662e3a49bc1a1fa9125e:visited , .u64193097a518662e3a49bc1a1fa9125e:active { border:0!important; } .u64193097a518662e3a49bc1a1fa9125e .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u64193097a518662e3a49bc1a1fa9125e { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u64193097a518662e3a49bc1a1fa9125e:active , .u64193097a518662e3a49bc1a1fa9125e:hover { haziness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u64193097a518662e3a49bc1a1fa9125e .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .u64193097a518662e3a49bc1a1fa9125e .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .u64193097a518662e3a49bc1a1fa9125e .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u64193097a518662e3a49bc1a1fa9125e .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-design: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u64193097a518662e3a49bc1a1fa9125e:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u64193097a518662e3a49bc1a1fa9125e .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u64193097a518662e3a49bc1a1fa9125e-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u64193097a518662e3a49bc1a1fa9125e:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Is Humanity Suicidal EssayLeonardos proclamation that X + Y and X Y couldn't both besquares was vital to the detemination of the areaof normal right triangles. Despite the fact that the Liber abaci was moreinfluential and more extensive in scope, the Liber quadratorum aloneranks its creator as the significant supporter of number theorybetween Diophantus and Pierre de Fermat, the seventeenth century Frenchmathematician. Aside from his move of spreading the utilization of the Hindu-Arabicnumerals, Fibonaccis commitment to science has beenlargely ignored. His name is known to current mathematiciansmainly as a result of the Fibonacci Sequence dervived from a problemin the Liber abaci:A certain man places a couple of hares in a spot encompassed onall sides by a divider. What number of sets of hares can be created from that pair in a year, on the off chance that it is assumed that each montheach pair brings forth another pair which from the second month onbecomes productive?The coming about number succession, 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,35,55(Leonardo himself overlooked the main term), wherein each numberis the total of the two going before numbers, is the first recursivenumber arrangement (in which the connection between two or moresuccesive terms can be communicated by a recipe) known in Europe. Fibonacci kicked the bucket in around 1240 and notwithstanding Fibonaccisimportance as the most orginal and fit mathematician of the medieval world, none of his work has been interpreted intoEnglish. In the nineteenth century, the term Fibonacci Sequence wascoined by the French mathematician, Edouard Lucas, and since thenscientists started to find the numbers in nature which broughtabout another enthusiasm for the point. Albeit still relativelyunknown in the United States, there is a Fibonacci Associationin California. The motivation behind that affiliation is to encourageresearch in the subjects that this extraordinary man once aced.

Polar Bears Warming Up to Climate Change Essay

The way the earth’s atmosphere has been changing is an extremely hotly debated issue among researchers today.â Some trust it to be brought about by the earth’s regular geothermal turn of events and part of the typical change that the planet ought to experience. Others repudiate these cases by saying that man’s own developments and inappropriate utilization of petroleum products has been irritating the regular warm changes.â Environmentalists further desire the overall population to act towards helping safeguard earth in light of the fact that man’s exercises are diminishing human endurance as well as of his co-planetary habitants also. Polar Bears’ Hierarchy in the Arctic Kingdom  â â â â â â â â â â Polar bears are known to be the world’s biggest land predator. (Briggs, 2003, standard. 9) Adult females ordinarily gauge 330 to 550 pounds yet guys can be as substantial as 775 to 1500 pounds. (Polar Bears International, 2008, standard. 4)  â â â â â â â â â â Polar bears, as can be appeared in the Food Chain Model underneath, are on the natural way of life in the cold districts and feed on ringed seals and walruses. Polar Bear Beluga  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Ringed Sealâ â â â â â â â â Thick-Billed Murresâ â â â â â â â â â â â â â Walrus Bowheaded Whaleâ â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Arctic Codâ â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Arctic Tern Zooplankton Source: Assignment Discovery School Lesson Plan, p. 3 Phytoplankton  â â â â â â â â â â Although people have willingly volunteered to think about their condition, sharing duty isn't in every case simple. There used to be worries among Norway and Russia, with regards to who ought to be liable for the consideration of the Ursus maritimus or polar bear since they can be found in both countries.â An investigation made by Mette Mauritzen (2002) and her associates utilized satellite telemetry to get information from 105 female polar bears over twelve of years and the outcomes demonstrated that the various subpopulations in the various areas are all piece of one consistent polar bear population.â This implies the two nations need to share the board duty regarding the species. An unnatural weather change and the Arctic  â â â â â â â â â â Many researchers are stating that the flow condition of a worldwide temperature alteration is too fast.â Some state that it will just take around 50 years before the ice in the Arctic will soften while others state it might take around 100 years.â The period of time is unessential in light of the fact that the direness of battling an unnatural weather change can genuinely be seen with its anticipated and right now on-going impacts. As per NASA Engineer Josefino C. Comiso (2003), his satellite perceptions show that the multi year pattern in situ surface temperature is multiple times bigger than the multi year pattern which implies that the ocean is warming a lot quicker than ordinary. He likewise presumes that continuously 2050, the ice lying over the mainland rack would be uprooted into the polar bowl. Polar Bears and Global Warming  â â â â â â â â â â According to an article composed by Eric Chivian (2001) entitled Environment and health:â Species misfortune and biological system disturbance †the suggestions for human health,â worldwide environmental change, stratospheric ozone consumption, and the negative aftereffects of other man-caused exercises to compromise biodiversity, yet it is the corruption, decrease and discontinuity of territories that is the best danger.  â â â â â â â â â â According to a broad report made by Andrew Derocher, Nicholas Lunn and Ian Stirling (2004) entitled Polar Bears in a Warming Climate, factors, for example, the diminishing zone of Arctic Sea Ice, decreased multiyear ice, timing of ice arrangement or separation, denning, developments of the bears on the ocean ice, amount of prey, human-polar bear collaborations and contamination all join to compromise the endurance of the species. Ice Sea Iceâ â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â  â â â â â â â â â â According to the IUCN/Species Survival Commission Polar Bear Specialist Group (2002, pp. 21-35), polar bears have had the option to possess ocean ice natural surroundings all through the Arctic with its populace evaluated at 21,500 to 25,000. Ice Sea Ice are utilized by polar bears to move themselves over the water to go after seals.â Lessening the quantity of cold ice would enormously influence the food asset of the species. Diminished Multiyear Iceâ â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â  â â â â â â â â â â According to a past report by Comiso (2002b refered to in Derocher, 2004) the ice spread in the Arctic is as of now declining at the pace of 9% at regular intervals; which implies that the ice might be totally gone in only one hundred years. Since polar bears are completely subject to their cold environment, losing the ice can prompt their termination. Timing of Ice Formation and its Break Up  â â â â â â â â â â One of the fundamental things that will be influenced by a dangerous atmospheric devation would be the pattern of separation and freezing of the yearly ice in the arctic.â Some researchers accept that an unnatural weather change influences the cycle by making the ice separate prior every year while deferring its freeze. In Canada’s Western Hudson Bay, the yearly ice separation is seen to happen about 2.5 weeks sooner than 3 decades prior. (Stirling, et.al. refered to in Derocher, 2004) This is significant in light of the fact that when the ice breaks sooner, the polar bears have abbreviated time to benefit from seals which can extraordinarily influence the states of their bodies all through the year.â Their bodies would not have had the option to get enough of the fat they would requirement for their four-month quick.  â â â â â â â â â â According to different investigations recently done by Derocher and Stirling (1995b refered to in Derocher, 2004), grown-up polar bears lose around .85 to .90 kilograms of weight every day during fasts.â With the sudden breaking of ice that would end taking care of period prior and the postponed freezing, polar bears will lose their weight unusually because of the more extended time they have to quick. Despite the fact that it might appear to be paltry, this significantly affects the pregnant polar bears.â If these female pregnant polar bears fall past 189 kilograms of weight because of the long fasting time frame, odds of conveying the whelp become nil. Denning  â â â â â â â â â â Female polar bears have most loved spots to cave. To arrive at these spots, the ice cycles ought to be ordinary to have the option to enable these bears to arrive at their goals on schedule. Likewise, with the ice dissolving and making the territory more distant to swim to, it is getting hard for polar bears to arrive at their preferred areas.  â â â â â â â â â â There are some subspecies that do may not be specific with their nook areas since they can sanctum on floating multiyear ice.â These polar bears are at present ready to raise the whelps well.â However, with a worldwide temperature alteration influencing the multiyear ice, these bears may must be on the skimming ice longer than would normally be appropriate which implies more vitality wasted.â This can likewise be unfavorable to the fledglings which are not yet completely created and prepared to climate the fatigued conditions. In the event that this occurs, at that point an Earth-wide temperature boost will influence the populace due to the whelps that can be lost because of the conditions referenced.  â â â â â â â â â â For polar bear populaces that want to return to their maternity caves, another difficult that could undermine their characteristic action would be that while the planet warms, the verdure in the region would likewise be drier making these inclined to fire.â Warmer caves with fire-dangers are not reasonable for pregnant polar bears and their fledglings. Developments of Polar Bears on the Sea Ice  â â â â â â â â â â Because of hotter ocean temperatures and an expansion in ocean twists because of a dangerous atmospheric devation, ocean ice will thin effectively and this may make this significant transportation for polar bears become shaky or float quicker. In the event that it moves a lot quicker, the animal groups would need to burn through more effort in arriving at their favored areas. Albeit polar bears love to swim, utilizing an excessive amount of vitality can likewise cause unforeseen weakness and generation for the polar bears. Perceptions likewise note that polar bears move to land when ocean ice amount goes beneath half of its typical number. This could be on the grounds that more vitality is spent proceeding onward top of floating ice contrasted with strolling on strong frosty ground. A reduction in the quantity of ocean ice floating additionally diminishes the chances to chase for more prey. Accessibility of Prey  â â â â â â â â â â An abatement in ocean ice has its impacts on the efficiency of seals, which are the principle food of polar bears.â Seals depend on ocean ice for their maternity exercises, diminishing the amount of ocean ice floating because of an unnatural weather change will likewise reduce the number of inhabitants in seals.  â â â â â â â â â â There were perceptions in 1979 that hotter temperatures and downpour came about to the simple revealing of seal puppy sanctuaries that made it threefold simpler for polar bears to get them. (Hammil and Smith, 1991 refered to in Derocher, 2004) If this can turn into a pattern wherein in hotter temperatures will cause the previous beginning of downpour which will

Sum-Up of Summer Registration

Sum-Up of Summer Registration Hello, future Illini! I hope you all are getting pumped to join the wonderful community on campus. You are so close to attending the University of Illinois in the fall, but there are a couple of tasks you need to complete before fall rolls around. One of these tasks is to register for and to attend Summer Registration. I know what you’re thinking: Simply put, Summer Registration is a day when you’ll come to campus, pick out your first-semester courses, and receive a ton of information about the university as a whole. Summer Registration is a required program for all incoming students. If you live more than 500 miles away from campus, your Summer Registration will be completely online; however, you still have the opportunity to participate in on-campus Summer Registration should you choose to make the trip. Summer Registration is an exciting time to be on campus, and it is so much more than just scheduling your courses. You and your guests will meet with your academic college and your academic advisor, who will help you choose the correct courses. While youre registering, your family will have their own programming to attend. After you check in, you can walk around our campus resources fair to learn about and speak with over 30 offices around campus (many of which will give out free stuff!). Then, there will be a brief introduction and financial aid presentation before we split up for your college meetings. This also gives you the chance to meet other students within your college and major. You’ll eventually head off to a computer lab on campus to register. That’s right, you’ll leave Summer Registration with your fall schedule in hand! The program will finish up around 5:00 p.m. at the latest, but there are also a number of optional things you can do on campus once the program is done. You can go to the Illini Union Bookstore to buy some Illini gear, take campus and classroom tours, and even get your student ID, which is called an i-card. We also offer small group sessions where you can meet with upperclassmen and get your campus life questions answered. If you’re super excited for everything to come, you can sign up for Summer Registration via your Admitted Student Checklist on myIllini. You have to  accept your offer  before you can sign up for a program. Once you have signed up for a program, make sure you do the following things before coming to campus: Send  AP scores  directly from the testing agency to our office. Take  placement tests  2 weeks before you come to registration  (available May 1). Do your college homework  (available starting in April via your Admitted Student Checklist). If you have more questions, check out our  FAQ  page or contact our office. Cant wait to see you this summer! @Danny_UofI Danny Admissions Counselor I am originally from New Jersey, but I grew up and graduated high school in the north suburbs of Chicago. I love being an admissions counselor because I get to meet and interact with remarkable students almost every day!

An Analysis Of Jane Austen s The Battle Of Men Essay

Louis C.K. jokes that men are the worst thing to happen to women. He explains that the number one cause of death in women, is men. Conversely, the number one cause of death in men, is heart disease (Vafa). So, in order to increase the survival rate of women, we should force feed lard to our male comrades. Unfortunately, that seems a bit brutal, and very messy. A more humane option is adopting the â€Å"power in numbers† strategy. Considering, women do make up half of the human race, I am surprised such a conglomerate is not already in place. Instead, we have centuries of relentless oppression coupled with years of fierce revolution, all amounting to a patriarchal society in which women still must prove their worth. Jane Austen, is one woman who has undoubtedly proven her worth as not just a woman, but a writer and human being. The female characters within her famous novels reflect her high standards for women. They are great examples of smart, complex, and witty individuals, w ho defy a world that constantly diminishes their value to their appearance and gives them limited opportunities for improvement. Unfortunately, to acquire their power, Austen’s female characters are required to compete with other women, fend for themselves, and measure their success on the failure of their friends. In Pride and Prejudice, both of the strategies I proposed above, are ignored, in favor of a war between the entire female sex. Do not be fooled by the ladies’ soft complexions and love forShow MoreRelatedPride And Prejudice By Jane Austen2007 Words   |  9 Pagesin want of a wife.† Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is a perfect reflection of the time in which it was written. The themes, characters, and dialogue create an image of what was happening at the time and how people acted. This book allows historians to make big picture connections and compare the society Jane Austen lived in with those 500 years later or a million miles away. Though Pride and Prejudice is considered a classic much of what Jane Austen says in the story is relevant to current eventsRead MoreA Room of Ones Own Essay3982 Words   |  16 Pagesand Five of A Room of One s Own,, the focus on Women Fiction shifts to a consideration of women writers, both actual writers and ultimately one of the author s own creation. The special interest here is one raised earlier in the work: the effect of tradition on women s writing. Woolf believes that women are different from men both in their social history as well as inherently, and that each of these differences has had important effects on the development of women s writing. Women writersRead More Aphra Behn and the Changing Perspectives on Ian Watt’s The Rise of the Novel6049 Words   |  25 Pagesthe past twenty years. While the initial stages of, first, feminist and, later, post colonial perspectives may have sought only to insert marginalised texts into the existing literary discourse, their long term ramifications are obliging a wider analysis of how we approach the English novel and the manner in which we link it to its surrounding culture. Its exploration reveals the methods with which we trace our histories, what we choose to include and exclude the positions from which we do so. ARead MoreMetamorphoses Within Frankenstein14861 Words   |  60 PagesThe Critical Metamorphoses of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein You must excuse a trif ling d eviation, From Mrs. Shelley’s marvellous narration — from th e musical Frankenstein; or, The Vamp ire’s Victim (1849) Like Coleridge’ s Ancient Mariner , who erupts into Mary Sh elley’s text as o ccasionally and inev itably as th e Monster into Victor Frankenstein’s lif e, Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometh eus passes, like night, from land to land and w ith stang ely ad aptable powers of speech Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pageslooking at alternative actions that can be taken, then considering the probable good consequences of each action and the probable bad consequences while weighing the positive and negative impact of each consequence. It’s a kind of cost-benefit analysis. Exercises 1. Columbus Day is an American holiday. Write a short essay that weighs the pros and cons and then comes to a decision about whether there should be more or less public celebration (by Americans and their institutions) on Columbus

While reading Colin Beavan’s No Impact Man, I had a bit of...

While reading Colin Beavan’s No Impact Man, I had a bit of a sour taste in my mouth. One of my underlying thoughts throughout the whole book was, â€Å"Well damn, I am so sure I would never, ever, be able to do most of this in my life.† In all honesty, it at first made me feel kind of bad about how I lived; it made me feel as though I did not do enough for the environment and thought only of myself. The first thing that came to mind when I learned what this book was even about was a short online quiz of sorts. The purpose of the quiz was to determine how many planet Earth’s we would need if everyone on Earth lived how I did. My result was that over five planets would be needed. This made me think about how while I was using over five†¦show more content†¦My reaction to the title of this chapter was something along the lines of, â€Å"Well he is doing it obviously because he is a guilty do good liberal†. I thought it was a really interesting thing that Beavan is a liberal. Liberals are generally open to newer behaviors and opinions and are much more likely to do things untraditionally. On the surface, Beavan appears to fit the precise definition of liberal; there are not many things that go against the norm of society more than what he did. Our values right now are mostly geared towards industrialization and entertainment, meaning factories and electricity and television and food. Beavan, being the liberal he is, decided he wanted to go against what people everywhere have been doing, and attempt to live with no environmental impact. But I do not necessarily think his â€Å"No Impact† project was a liberal thing to do. In fact, I think his choice was possibly the most conservative of conservative things anyone has ever done in recent history. Beavan attempted to live as environmentally friendly as possible for a year, even choosing to go without electricity. I can only think of one group of people that live in modern ti mes without electricity, the Amish. The Amish people are just about the most conservative people, both politically and religiously but also more importantly environmentally, I could possibly imagine. This thought made me question his background of a liberal as he made a choice that has so much in common of one

Comparison of Presidents Ford and Carter - 1789 Words

President Richard Nixon’s Watergate incident and resignation in August of 1974 left the nation feeling skeptic toward the national government. Gerald Ford, who was not elected by the public, took the oath of office and became the 38th president of the United States. President Ford, coined with a repugnant image in both the eyes of the public and the media, was defeated by 56 electoral votes in the election of 1976. Jimmy Carter managed to receive similar distasteful images by the end of his single term as well. Although there were similarities between Ford and Carter, the two presidents were different in terms of previous experience, domestic policies, and foreign affairs. Presidents Ford and Carter had mostly different experiences before†¦show more content†¦Carter vetoed a public works package in 1978 in retaliation. Without mutual respect within the branches of the government, compromises and agreements for the domestic issues are hard to reach. The hostility betwe en the two branches deterred progress in the nation’s fragile economy and unemployment. Ford and Carter tackled the perplexing economic issues of the decade, an issue that economists at the time couldn’t even solve. Ford decided to tackle inflation first. His â€Å"WIN† plan (Whip Inflation Now† called for an increase in taxes and a reduction of federal spending. To promote this plan, he called for the production of pins with â€Å"WIN† on them. This plan did not go well with Congress. Congress eventually passed a bill for a $22 billion tax cut, but it increased government spending on government programs. Ford signed this bill to strive to ease tensions between Congress and himself. In 1975, Congress passed a Revenue Adjustment Act which called for a tax cut and a limit to future spending in the future. It served as a negotiation between the executive and the legislative branches. This was successful in helping inflation; however, unemployment conti nued to rise. 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It literally turned what had once been a French colonial battle into an American imperialist war, as Eisenhower and his administration even failed to see that the unifying factor for the Vietnamese people was not a strong belief in communism soRead MorePresidential Vs. Congressional Campaigns1347 Words   |  6 Pagesfor governmental grants, programs, and so forth President can t: power is not local Congressional candidates can duck responsibility. I didn t do it; the people in Washington did! President is stuck with blame But local candidates can suffer when their leader s economic policies fail Benefit of presidential coattails has declined Congressional elections have become largely independent Reduces meaning (and importance) of party Running for president Getting mentioned Using reporters, trips, speechesRead MoreFord Motor Company: Supply Chain Management and Strategic Fit3663 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿Ford Motor Company Supply Chain Management and Strategic Fit University of Arkansas Fall Second Session 2011 Supply Chain Management for Operations Managers Written by: Albert Carter For: Instructor Nia Wright December 9, 2011 Abstract This report covers the performance of Ford Motor Company over the past 10 years and analyzes the results of its â€Å"One Ford† business plan. The main question this report answers is whether Ford’s resent actions match the supply chain strategy of theRead MoreHow Politics Should Be Viewed By Chris Matthews7512 Words   |  31 Pagesthe favors without permission, this would create a loyalty. Jimmy Carter was the best example from this rule because he was able to get his name out in pubic in order to gain a rise in popularity and assistance from others that lead him to securing the position to become president. Since Carter couldn’t rely on the Democratic Party, Carter was able to win the presidency by being able to gain help from the people themselves. Carter was able to gain help from the people by giving out these lettersRead MoreBill Clintons Health Care Plan5084 Words   |  21 PagesRoosevelt†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 2.4. Harry S. Truman†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 2.5. Medicare†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 2.6. The Medicare Legacy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 2.7. Problems in the Work†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 2.8. Carter†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 2. The Heach Care Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 3.9. Contemporary Problems†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 3.10. The plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 3.11. Element of the Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Read MoreThe Current Situation Of Oil2316 Words   |  10 Pagesresponsible for 60% of the oil production worldwide at the start of World War II, and it was followed by Russia and Venezuela. A few years later Saudi Arabia was found to have many quantities of oil and in 1943, due to the U.S concerns of oil scarcity, President Franklin Roosevelt declared Saudi Arabia a vital U.S source of oil production and established financial support. After this, Saudi Arabia became the world’s largest oil exporter with the biggest oil field in the world. In 1945, the U.S became aRead MoreDepression2810 Words   |  12 Pagesoccurred between 1929 and 1939. Although parts of the economy had begun to recover by 1936, high unemployment persisted until the Second World War. Background To Great Depression: * The 1920s witnessed an economic boom in the US (typified by Ford Motor cars, which made a car within the grasp of ordinary workers for the first time). Industrial output expanded very rapidly.   * Sales were often promoted through buying on credit. However, by early 1929, the steam had gone out of the economyRead More Bad Neighbor Policy: Washington?s futile war on drugs in Latin America?3153 Words   |  13 Pagesagainst drugs in United States. Carpenter, who is Vice President for Defence and Foreign Policy studies at the Cato Institute in Washington, gives clearly his negative opinion on what is for him the drug war failure. This â€Å"war† has for purpose to protect the American population against the drug scourge; however this war is mainly set in Latin America. In fact the United States war on drugs began with the entry of Richard Nixon as President in the White house. The year 1968 is marked by the will

Shakespeares Hamlet Essay Example For Students

Shakespeares Hamlet Essay In Shakespeares, Hamlet, Hamlet has numerous flaws, which he fails to overcome. Hamlets self-created troubles contribute to his downfall. Hamlet torments people as an escape from his emotional pain. His anger elevates and produces sarcasm. Hamlet flees from his problems in fearful ways. Hamlet is manipulative, thus tormenting people surrounding him. For example he tells Ophelia Get thee to a nunnery (III. i. ). Hamlet is well aware of his sins and wants nothing to do with becoming a breeder of sinners.. Excruciating Ophelia makes him feel superior to her. Further, during the The Murder of Gonzago the King request, Give me some light. Away! (III. ii. ). He has pricked the Kings conscience by having actors rehearse the events of his fathers death. He succeeds in agonizing the King while also providing proof of his guilt. The Queen illustrates, These words like dagger enter in my ears (III. iv. ). The Queen feels guilt-stricken. The Prince doesnt encourage her penitence rather he continues ranting her sin. Enter pain and anguish leads to Hamlets tormenting ways. Sarcasm and blunt rudeness is often exploited by Hamlet. For instance, Hamlet implies to Polonius Conception is a blessing, but as your daughter may conceive, friend, look to t (II. ii. ). The Prince is inadvertent to Polonius feelings. The Prince uses his knowledge about how wary Polonius is regarding his daughters chastity, yet sarcastically implies this statement to hurt him. In addition, Claudius asked where Polonius was and Hamlet responded, If you messenger find him not there seek him i th other place yourself (IV. iii. ). Hamlets corroborates his rudeness toward the authority. He is efficiently and effectively telling the King to go to hell. He inscribes to the King, High and mighty and Kingly eyes (IV. Vii. ). Hamlet despises the King in every possible way. This demonstrates the anxiety between the two. This displays his sarcasm caused by the levels of opine rebellion. Hamlet hid behind a wall of fear to avoid any possible confrontations that were ahead of him. He stated, I loved Ophelia forty thousand brothers could not with all there quantity of love make up my sum ( V. i. ). It was not until Ophelias demise, had he realized that he loved her. Hamlet is reluctant to show his love for her because of his fear and confusion. Also, he expresses up sword and know thou a more horrid hend (III. iii. ). Hamlet uses the excuse that he could not kill him while he is praying because it will save his soul. It has nothing to do with saving his soul; he is simply scared to murder the king. Hamlet preaches, the age is grown so picked that the toe of the peasant so near the real of the courtier, he galls hi kibe (V. i. ). He bemoans the shortness of life, and the waste that is death. He fears when he dies that he will be nothing more than the bones of some individual and is scared of being forgotten. Hamlet has nothing to fear but fear itself, yet he fears almost everything that lies ahead of him. In conclusion, Hamlets tormenting ways are an escape from the frustration surrounding him. Throughout the play his sarcasm elevates to straight out blunt rudeness. He encounters situations, which he acts upon in fearful ways. In Hamlets case his mission to kill Claudius results in his own demise. Sometimes we look to closely at our plans and find reasons for not carrying them out.

Corruption In School Systems Essays - Christopher Columbus

Corruption In School Systems It all started when I was just a little tike sitting in some *censored*ed up class room in which I would get well accustomed to one day. I mean really; twelve years of ones life in an institution of which they have no control over? Learning about how Christopher Colubus was a great navigator and pioneer, but not learning of the genocide he perpetuated throughout Haiti and many other third world countrys. This sack of *censored* was worse than Hitler. An estimated 8,000,000 native Americans which he was directly and indirectly responsible for the deaths of. I'll tell you why we here about Hitler's crusade and not Columbus's. The simple fact is that our society and schools are so *censored*ing Eurocentric that anything invented by or discovered by non whites is pretty much un heard of. The only non European part of our history that is taught is Martin Luther King. And you know why?; it's because he believed that when slapped you should turn the other cheek and take it. Why not Malcom X? Because he realized that if you wanted something fronm the hostile white race, the only way was to use hostility. You fight fire with rivers, not rain drops. And you wonder why minorities do so poorly in school. They don't give a flying *censored* about the lies being given, they know that native Indians were living in America thousands of years before Columbus "discovered" it. The schooling system has created a mythical history based on the falsifacation of European conquest. I could think of a million things better to do with twelve years of a persons life.

Demonstative Communication Paper Essay Example

Demonstative Communication Paper Essay Example Demonstative Communication Paper Essay Demonstative Communication Paper Essay Demonstrative Communication Paper Arlene Zapata BCOM/275 July 21, 2011 Professor James Aiken Demonstrative Communication Paper â€Å"Sending and receiving messages is defined as the process of communication; communication has different meaning to different people. Effective communication between sender and receivers is the shared understanding of information, feeling, thoughts, wants, needs, and the intension of what is being communicated,† according to Cheesebro, O’Connor, and Rios, (2010, p. 5). Communication can be effective, ineffective, positive or negative; and requires listening and responding among the two parties’ receivers and senders. The communication process model breaks information down into separate parts and using two-dimensional surfaces for inspection; elements include: sender/receiver, encoding, decoding, message, channel, and feedback. Other key points for effective communication is the understanding of barriers, concepts, principles and techn ology,† according to Cheesebro, O’Connor, and Rios, (2010, p. p. 3-21). In the workplace communication is not avoidable. Communication is the workplace according to Cheesebro, O’Connor, and Rios, is defined as, â€Å"the way of making sure that the job get done,† (2010, p. ). This paper will explain and provide examples’ on demonstrative communication, the language we use to communicate, the effects communication has, and the importance of listening skills, comprehension skills, and responding skills for effective communication. Demonstrative communication includes: â€Å"verbal or non-verbal communication between sender and receivers; however, we may express our feeling to other’s non-verbally using different such as facial expression, tone of voice, and body language,† according to Cheesebro, O’Connor, and Rios, (2010, p. p. 3-122). Verbal communication is strait forward and to the point when expressing our view, thought, and feelings in communication. Non: After, Jane worked an eighteen hour shift and is ready to go home when her boss Mary tells her that she needs to stay an extra two hours until another shift starts. Jane is very upset when Mary delivers that message. Jane sits down and totally ignores what Mary is saying. Jane decides not to say anything to her boss Mary verbally but uses nonverbal communication to express her feelings. Mary the boss may interpret Jane reaction’s of the message by reading Jane facial expression. Her facial expression expresses signs of being tired, closing her eyes, yarning, and upset. Jane’s body language expresses that she is not motivated to keep working. The tone of voice, the use of non-verbal communication expresses that silence is used to avoid conflict between Jane, and Mary. Demonstrative communication among senders and receivers are based on the communicated message and how individual interoperates that message. Demonstrative communication can take many forms; it can be effective, ineffective, positive, or negative in communication. Using the example provided above lets interpreted the message Mary being the sender and Jane being the receiver by asking question. Was the message effective or ineffective; and was that message positive or negative based on Jane’s reaction? In this scenario the expressions used by Jane were effective and ineffective. Effective because she expressed her feeling using non-verbal communication to her boss Mary however, ineffective because using verbal communication she could have expressed the situation in a more effective manner. Depending on which point of view that you look at either Mary’s or Jane’s the reaction is positive or negative. Jane used of nonverbal communication to express her feeling in a negative way when a positive form would have been to express her feeling verbally on long working hours. Mary might have interpreted those feeling from Jane in a negative way not aware of the situation of long working hours. A positive interpretation by using verbal communication by Jane the line of communication would not give mixed singles and the information would have been the same for the sender and receiver. Demonstrative communication involves the importance of listening, comprehension, and responding skills for effective communication. â€Å"Listening is the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages,† according to Cheesebro, O’Connor, and Rios, (2010, p. 105), and The International Listening Association, (1996, p. 1). Demonstrative listening requires active listeners, â€Å"cultivating an interest of the speaker and the message, your attention by staying focused both mentally and physically of the message, understanding what is being communicated and the senders intension,† according to Cheesebro, O’Connor, and Rios, (2010, p. p. 103-122). Comprehension of what we listen and how we respond uses critical thinking skills and play an important role for effective communication. â€Å"Feedback is essential to promote understanding between a sender and receiver and can occur in a variety of forms,† according to Cheesebro, O’Connor, and Rios, (2010, p. . 115-116). Feedback using verbal or nonverbal forms in communication to expresses our individual points of view of a message play an important role in effective communication. Conclusion: Effective communication starts with effective listening skills. Communication between sender(s) and receiver(s) is the understanding or inter operation of the same message or information. Providing feedback verbally or nonverbally expresses how we the receiver understood the message or information from the sender by showing or expressing our thought, feeling, wants, and needs of the communicated message or information. Sender(s) of a message or information should provide or be able to interoperates the receiver feedback establish an effective line of communication between both sender and receiver. Messages or information take many forms; the message can be effective, ineffective, positive, or negative learning those form and learning how to communicate verbally or nonverbally while being able to interoperates the feedback while using effective listening skills describes demonstrative communication. References: Cheesebro, T. , OConnor, L. , Rios, F. , (2010). Communicating in the workplace. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 11

Case Study Example Gram Vikas, an NGO which was founded with an aim to take care the sanitation and water facilities in rural areas. It was established with the motive to serve the society and enhance overall development of rural areas in Orissa. The executive director of the organization is Joe Madiath who can be considered to be a social entrepreneur. Within few years Joe has been able to bring forth some drastic changes in villages across Orissa. This organization was established with non-profit motive where the major focus of the founder was to spread equality amongst villagers and to change their lifestyle. It was a distinctive approach towards entrepreneurship as organizational members desired to work along with village members. The factors that affected villagers were indebtedness and alcoholism. These conditions needed to be eliminated by the organization so that they can incorporate changes in the location. This non-profit organization also started their program on bringing in electricity in t he villages. Their bio gas project was the first initiative towards this program. However unlike other entrepreneurial approaches Joe and his team members did not keep the project bounded within the system but spread its concept amongst all employees. This organization had even kept the facility that if their employees was able to establish bio gas project in other villages and if it proved to be successful then they would be their owners. Such approaches are not observed in any other form of entrepreneurship and this is because the major aim of such organizations is much above protecting their core values. The main distinctive factor of Gram Vikas approach was that it started improvement from bottom level of the rural living system. It believed that equality is important in making such projects successfully and hence focused on involving all the village members. This NGO started its journey with widespread bio gas projects

Modern variations of the Panopticon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Modern variations of the Panopticon - Essay Example Bentham first introduced this theory. His idea is that a panopticon involves a situation where the observed internalizes the presence of an unseen observer. The observed then enforces those rules via a psychological self-policing process. The observer develops a hidden power over the observed persons both consciously and subconsciously. Therefore, they have the ability to gain control of the behavior of the observed. A good representation of Bentham’s idea of panopticon, as presented in the essay, is the panopticon prison. In this disciplinary facility, prisoners are always within the view of the observer who hides in the tower, which controls their behavior. The panopticon idea is both ancient and modern, since it can be applied in modern lifestyles and situations, like internet browsing. The essay also describes the idea of power as shown in the control of internet browsing. The general ideas presented all show that the panopticon idea is applicable in modern life. The idea of the panopticon entirely depends on the psychology of the persons being observed. It is just another proof of the wonders of mind power. It can achieve more than any other known means. This is because it does not provide temporary solutions and measures. It corrects the behavior of the individual, right from his/her attitude. It shows that the knowledge and acknowledgement of a higher authority can be used to achieve more than it has done in the past. This is because the idea has been applied, with desirable results. Therefore, it is easy to control the behavior of people, if there is a higher authority that can enforce rules. This has high relevance in the management of behaviors on the internet. The heart of the panopticon is the internalization of a power mechanism on the part of the observed, in a system designed in such a way that the observed knows that he is perennially under watch, and where the observer is forever hidden from view

The Mixed Economy of Egypt

The Mixed Economy of Egypt Egypt Egypt, like many other states, has a mixed economy (El-Askhar, p. 101).[1] A mixed economy is an economic system that upholds both public and private sectors in the selected state (Ignacy, p.16).[2] The concept in which the economic system in Egypt is mixed can be subdivided into two parts. The first one which is a common phenomenon is the participation of both government and private capital in the countries business. The second, who is not applied in most worldwide economies, is the application of both Islamic and non-Islamic sculpts into the business province (El-Askhar, p. 101).1 There are cultural aspects that shape the economic system in a unique mix. The socialistic, capitalistic and the Muslim fundamentalism elements all shape the Egyptian society. The socialism that was prevalent in the 1950s has faded away considerably; Sadats â€Å"open door† policies have opened up the doors to true capitalism and drifted slowly away from Nassers socialism (El-Askhar, p. 102).1 The policy increased the private sectors as opposed to the government sectors considerably, and has brought with it foreign enterprises. The financial sect of the state was no longer exclusive to the government, but has included privately owned Egyptian and non-Egyptian banks. The number of banks has increased from a mere seven to ninety-nine banks from between the 1960s to 1984. The state controlled sectors still existed, but the increase of private sectors merely happened from the broadening and widening of their base. They have been accountable for other varied sectors in the economy as shown in this (El-Askhar, p. 103).1 Nasser introduced an agrarian reform that was widely controversial. Egypt in the 1960s was an oligarchic country where landless or people with little land had financial insecurity. The reform redistributed 12% of the countries land. The purpose was to give those people land for the first time in the countrys history. But the wealthy people with large amounts of property were seriously severed. Estates bigger than 190 acres disappeared and individuals were limited to owning a cap of 100 acres of land property. The reform was also aiming to drain the surplus from agriculture land into urban growth and industrialization (Bush, p.1601)[3]. Egypts GDP distribution of land.bmp almost doubled between 1963 and 1970, schools were built at an average of one school per day and the number of people receiving free education rose from 1.3 to 3.4 million. Since the agricultural sector was very poor, this market liberalization strategized a US farm-type model with an agricultural driven capital and export-led growth (Bush p.1064)3. According to the World Bank, â€Å"the agricultural sector is now a fully private sector, operating in a market and export-oriented economy† (World Bank).[4] Egypt has the second largest economy in the Middle East. It has amassed large sectors in the clockworks of its economy, the largest of which is the service sector. The service sector is the fastest growing sector and is responsible for nearly 51 percent of the countrys total GDP. The main constituents of the service sector are banking, trade, tourism and the Suez Canal shipping service. Industry follows as Egypts second largest sector by accounting 32 percent of the total GDP, the rapid growth of this sector has happened thanks to the governments efforts in privatization. Although the public sector accounts for 86 percent of the countrys industry, it has only made 15.4 billion/L.E as opposed to the private sectors 99.7 billion/L.E. The agricultural sector accounts for 14.8 percent of the total GDP and has steadily decreased since the industrial boom in the 1990s (Egypt in the†¦, p.65).[5] As far as the overall GDP growth stands, the private sectors have contributed to more than two-thirds of the total GDP income as opposed to the public ones (Economic Review, p.2).[6] There are about 24.6 million laborers in Egypt; however there is an unemployment rate of about 8.7 percent as of 2009. Of these 24.6 million, 51 percent of them work in the services sector, 17 percent work in the industrial sector and 32 percent work in the agricultural sector. Employment grew at a rate of an average 1.744 percent in the last two decades; sectors mostly responsible for this growth are the industrial, constructional and servicer parts of the economy (Ikram, p.236).[7] Official statistics said that the number of the unemployed in Egypt rose from 112.535 in 1950 to 5 millions in early 2004, meaning that the number of the unemployed increased at a rate of 4000% in the last 54 years, in case of these statistics is authentic. If the successive governments were serious in confronting unemployment, the unemployed rate would not have risen from 1.2% in 1950 to reach 3.4% in 1970, 7.10% in 1986, 11.1% in 1990 and 13% in 2004. The current unemployment rate in Egypt meant that i t exceeded limits, as economic studies agreed that the safe rate of the unemployment in any society should range at 4.3%only (Ikram p.237).7 Egypt produces a wide variety of agricultural products; the animal resources it produces are mainly goats, sheep and cattle, while the planetary resources consist of a wide range of vegetables and fruits, as well as beans, wheat, corn, rice and most importantly cotton. The industrial commodities are a wide range of metals, cement, construction services, hydrocarbons, food processing, pharmaceuticals, and textiles (Ikram, p.96).[8] Egypt has the largest market in the Middle East and the Arab world with a population of 83,000,000. It has a lot of growth potential and financial stability with a stable banking sector and a currency that stood quite well during the financial crisis. The real GDP growth rate has been almost always on the rise since the 1970s, and according to the Economist Intelligence Unit, the GDP growth of Egypt has dropped slightly but still a huge improvement over the rest of the Middle East, or the rest of the world which since the crisis have taken the turn for the worse.[9] Poverty has always been the main problem for developing countries. Poverty is globally measured with a number of things, mainly the consumption of edible and non-edible material, the value of the housing asset, income, expenditure on fuel, schools, clothing and other miscellaneous objects. From these statistics a poverty line is drawn under the WHO standards and is given to every country to measure the population under this poverty line. In 1997, there were 15.7 million Egyptians living in poverty, or 26.5 percent. It has slightly dropped in 2005 to be approximately 20 percent of the total population which is still absurdly high (Datt, p.208).[10] Lets take the 1990s poverty trend as an example. The urban versus the rural poverty trends are quite interesting, although the number of poor people has definitely increased, the Rural parts of Egypt have decreased as opposed to the major increase in the Urban areas. This could be explained by the following method, the higher unemployment rate in the urban as opposed to the rural which started from the decrease of the agricultural sector and the rise of the industrial one in the rural and urban parts respectively (p.62).[11] Concerning poverty, The World Bank report in 2001 indicated that 52% of the Egyptians were living with less than two dollars daily (p.63).11 Egypts legal system is found on two different grounds, civil and Islamic law concepts with some Western and European influences of law. The system is a bit complex and sometimes bureaucratic and thus ineffective. While the current administration is aware of the importance of foreign and non-foreign investments, this will be an issue if a lesser business friendly government comes to power. The court consists of three levels, a summary and a primary appeal, and the cassation court, besides those are another system of courts that deal with special cases such as the administrative court and the Supreme Constitutional court. The delays somewhat of the commercial cases take a long while to conclude, taking nearly five years. The unresponsive commercial court is a disadvantage to the foreign investors and the whole private sector. The legal system provides moderate protection for property, although buying real estate can be lengthy, confusing and highly complex. Hernando de Soto calculated that in the year 2000, the process in which one wishes to register a piece of desert land takes between 6 to 14 years to complete. However, the government has taken procedures to encourage private investment. By reducing the costs of property registration from 12 percent of the value of the bought property to 3 percent, and introducing a flat fee of only 1,000 LE per contract, it is focusing on a private reform process. There is no restriction to foreigners owning a non-agricultural real estate. Foreigners have the right to establish private investments in the country and engage in the economy (p.39)[12] Corruption in the low-level is widespread in Egypt. Egypt has scored an unimpressive 2.8 out of 10 in the Transparency Internationals 2008 Corruption Perceptions Index setting it number 115 in the corruption/country ranking. Although there are no reports of this corruption affecting foreign investors, it has significantly affected local private sectors. During Mubaraks ruling, the development rate dropped 2% currently against 4.6% two years ago. Depression dominated the Egyptian markets while citizens purchase ability decreased. The interest rate problem led to the retreat of the Egyptian pound against the dollar. Competition increased between local products and those imported ones in addition to the few foreign investments in the country. The UNCTAD report on the international investment reported that the foreign investment decreased in Egypt from $600 million to only $200 millions. Egypt was one of the most developing countries that were able to attract investment in the 1980s.[13 ] According to the BMI, â€Å"Egypt faces substantial challenges over the coming decade, but as long as the prevailing economic policies remain broadly in place, the future looks bright† (p.24)[14]. Since the government of Ahmed Nazif, the outlook of the Egyptian economy is improving from its former state. The administration of Nazif has lowered taxes, made foreign investments easier and improved the business environment overall. Egypt will get boosted by the energy sector in particular, although the oil exportation wont last long, Natural gas production is the main aim to be the countrys leading energy export. Analysts suggest that production will rise from 55bcm to 106bcm in 2019. The government is currently targeting 1,295bn worth of investment of which only 15% will be state-controlled investments while the rest is up to the private and foreign investors. And according to the privatization reforms, it doesnt seem to be a hard target to hit (p.25).14 Not only that, but the GDP per capita, which is a very good sign of the countrys economy, is approximated to double becoming 5,538 USD by 2018. The Egyptian government continues to look broadly pro-business, although this is yet to reduce poverty levels, and the un-amusing perceptions of corruption, it will continue to make some of its policies unpopular. However, if Gamal Mubarak and the technocrat government he reportedly supports remain in place, then the private sector and banking system should continue to flourish (p.2).[15] [1] El Ashkar, Ahmed. The Islamic business enterprise. Taylor Francis, 1987. [2] Ignacy Sachs, â€Å"International journal of political economy† vol. 38, no. no. 3 (Fall 2009): 5-21. [3] Bush, Ray. Politics, Power and Poverty: twenty years of agricultural reform and market liberalization in Egypt. Third World Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 8, 2007, pp 1599 1615. [4] World Bank, Arab Republic of Egypt Toward Agricultural Competitiveness in the 21st Century. [5] Egypt in the global economy: strategic choices for savings, investments, and long-term growth. The World Bank, 1998. [6] Economic Review. Vol. 49. 3. Central Bank of Egypt, 2008. [7] Ikram, Khalid. The Egyptian Economy, 1952-2000: Performance, Policies, and Issues. Vol. 1. Illustrated. Routledge. [8] Ikram, Khalid. The Egyptian Economy: Performance, Policies, and Issues. Vol. 1. Illustrated. Routledge. [9] Montly report April 2009. The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited. www.eiu.com. [10] Datt, Gaurav. A profile of povery in Egypt. African Development Bank 2001, Blackwell Publishers. [11] Egypts Social and Structural Review, Document of the World Bank June 2001. [12] Chapter 5: Business Environment, Business Monitor International Ltd Egypt Q3 2009. [13] Kligaard, R. 1998. International cooperation against corruption Finance and Development [14] Chapter 3: Business Forecast, Business Monitor International Ltd Egypt Q3 2009. [15] Financial Reforms Continue to boost growth. Middle east monitor October 2009.

Nicholas Ferrar :: essays research papers fc

Nicholas Ferrar was assumed to be born in 1592. I have found that his most probable birth date was in February of 1593. This is due to the usual calendar confusion: England was not at that time using the new calendar adopted in October 1582. It was 1593 according to our modern calendar, but at the time the new year in England began on the following March 25th. Nicholas Ferrar was one of the more interesting figures in English history. His family was quite wealthy and were heavily involved in the Virginia Company, which had a Royal Charter for the plantation of Virginia. People like Sir Walter Raleigh were often visitors to the family home in London. Ferrars’ niece was named Virginia, the first known use of this name. Ferrar studied at Cambridge and would have gone further with his studies but the damp air of the fens was bad for his health and he traveled to Europe, spending time in the warmer climate of Italy. On his return to England he found his family had fared badly. His brother John had become over extended financially and the Virginia Company was in danger of loosing its charter. Nicholas dedicated himself to saving the family fortune and was successful. He served for a short time as Member of Parliament, where he tried to promote the cause for the Virginia Company. His efforts were in vain for the company lost their charter anyway. Nicholas is given credit for founding a Christian community called the English Protestant Nunnery at Little Gidding in Huntingdonshire, England. After Ferrar was ordained as a deacon, he retired and started his little community. Ferrar was given help and support with his semi-religious community by John Collet, as well as Collet’s wife and fourteen children. They devoted themselves to a life of prayer, fasting and almsgiving (Matthew 6:2,5,16). The community was founded in 1626, when Nicholas was 34 years old. Banning together, they restored an abandoned church that was being used as a barn. Being of wealthy decent, Ferrar purchased the manor of Little Gidding, a village which had been discarded since the Black Death (a major outbreak of the bubonic plague in the 14th century), a few miles off the Great North Road, and probably recommended by John Williams, Bishop of Lincoln whose palace was in the nearby village of Buckden. About thirty people along with Mary Ferrar (Ferrars’ mother) moved into the manor house.

Change management: the implications of self-interest on organizational change

Introduction Organizations in the modern business environment face rapid change driven by globalization and continuous technological innovation. To adapt to this rapid change and to be successful in enhancing organizational performance in this environment, an effective approach is required to facilitate the transitioning of individuals, teams and organizations to a desired future state. A structured approach enabling organizational change would ensure smooth change and successful implementation in the pursuit of lasting benefits (Bennis, 2000). Despite this need, efforts towards organizational change often run into some form of human resistance due primarily to the diverse ways in which individuals and groups act in response to change. However rational or positive, change often causes some form of emotional turmoil and involves perceptions of loss and uncertainty (Beitler, 2005). Kotter and Schlesinger (1979; 451) identify four common reasons people resist change including: †¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"a desire not to lose something of value (parochial self-interest), a misunderstanding of the change and its implications, a belief that the change does not make sense for the organization, and a low tolerance for change.† Self-interest is a major reason for resistance within organizations with people focusing on their own best interest and not those of the entire organization. This paper explores the effect of self-interest in change management evaluating the view that this factor necessitates the adoption of pluralism in organizations with regard to management styles and approaches, organizational design, culture, and decision-making. Also evaluated is the view that although self-interest undermines the concept of â€Å"shared organizational vision,† it is essential to the comprehension of the nature of resistance to change and how that resistance might be managed. This is achieved through an in-depth analysis evaluating organizational context, culture as well as employee beha viour and attitudes which are linked to potential resistance. It contributes to the understanding and application of change management processes and how transformational change can be sustained towards enhanced organizational performance. Parochial self-interest Despite potential positive outcomes, it is nearly always the case that change is resisted. A degree of resistance is normal and acceptable given that change and its attendant process is often disruptive and stressful (Lawson and Price, 2003). A degree of scepticism can also be healthy especially when there are actual or perceived weaknesses in the change proposed, which need to be addressed for the change to have desired positive outcomes (Frese and Fay, 2001). However, resistance in any form and from whatever cause impedes the achievement of business objectives which form the essence of the pursuit and effective management of organizational change (Bennis, 2000). It is a widely held opinion that humans are born with self-interest as an innate tendency and their primary motive, which underlies their outwardly evident behaviour, is to safeguard and to improve these interests (Miller, 1999). This tendency is often automatic, habitual and is in most cases exercised without conscious tho ught (Mansbridge, 1990; Miller, 1999). Self-interest is, therefore, part of normal human nature inherent in our being with every individual having the propensity to narrowly focus on their own best interest and self-preservation before that of others including the organization. Self-interest concerns individual regard for the implications of change for themselves linked to a desire not to lose something of value. In the context of organizational change, this concern and regard for self often causes individuals to resist changes or alterations, particularly if there are suspicions or negative perceptions regarding the changes or circumstances (van Dam et al, 2008). Strong resistance to change is however often rooted in feelings that are historically reinforced and deeply conditioned, established ways, procedures, or methods which could be subject to disruption through the change (Battilana and Casciaro, 2013). Resistance could also result from the individual’s perception of a particular situation, as well as their levels of tolerance for change which could be linked to other causes of resistance such as inadequate information and/or understanding of the necessity and implications of the change; adequate skills development and training; trust and a sense of security; and overall employee relations in organization settings (Zander, 1950; Beitler, 2005). However, in some cases, self-interest has negative connotations of greed and selfishness in the context in which such self-concern goes against the interests of others or widely accepted moral values (Miller, 1999; Rocha and Ghoshal, 2006). In this case, an individual acts to safeguard individual benefits and/or to enhance gain without regard to the impact and effect of their decisions and actions on others including the interests and objectives of the organization. In the exploration of the nature of self-interest and its implications in the context of organizational change, this paper reviews two theoreti cal viewpoints applicable to this focus. These include the rational-economic view which is discussed alongside complementary theories, such as the bureaucratic-hierarchy organizational theory and the neo-institutional economic theory; and the humanistic view, in which the communitarian and collaboration theories are addressed. These orientations reflect a shift in regard for human nature and behaviour from the traditional narrow definition of the rational, egocentric individual to a greater recognition of capacity for other-orientation and willingness of individuals for collaborative action. Theoretical context In neoclassical economics under the capitalist system, the business environment is portrayed in a mechanistic nature with businesses portrayed as ‘machines’ serving primarily for profit maximization subject to iron laws of competition (Mahoney, 2005). This linguistic scheme tends to ignore reality and focuses strictly on mathematical grammar which ideally, albeit not factually, replaces human judgment with algorithms (Rubinstein, 2006). It does not anticipate challenges regarding the human component of organizations, assuming it to be among essential factors of production. However, the human component in business is significant and cannot be ignored or eliminated in the conduct of economic activities; being an essential space through which individual participants exercise responsibility (Sen, 2002; Harder et al, 2004). Businesses in the modern world have to grapple with the human resource component, given the rapidly changing nature of business and greater flexibility an d freedoms of employees participating in production. A central concern in the study of organizational behaviour is how to get employees to contribute high levels of effort and performance to their organization’s collective interests (Mahoney and McGahan. 2007). It entails the pursuit of mechanisms through which to achieve greater alignment between the self and the collective interest (Lawson and Price, 2003; van Dam et al, 2008) essential for the achievement of enhanced organizational performance and crucial in the modern dynamic business environment particularly in moments of change. On one hand, in the context of neoclassical economics, the practice and study of organizations has been based on the foremost assumption of individuals and organizations as rational actors pursuing their self-interests in an inherently competitive space in which several parties involved strive for scarce resources (Diefenbach, 2007). This is the basis for the rational-economic view which assumes that self and collective interests are essentially in conflict (Zander, 1950). In contrast, the humanistic point of view holds that both interests are not independent of each other, embracing the view that they are compatible (Dierksmeier, 2009). These viewpoints are explored in greater detail. Rational-economic view This view essentially assumes that individuals are independent agents rationally pursuing actions that seek to maximize their own self-interests as a primary motivation for their engagement in economic considerations (Mahoney and McGahan. 2007). This has its basis in descriptions in a set of Theory X assumptions regarding human nature described by McGregor (1960) which are premised on the view that employees are naturally lazy and harbour a dislike for work. Individuals are thus reluctant to contribute to the objectives of the organizations, pursuing only money and security. The objective of organizations, then, is to control individual behaviour through rational and efficient organizational structures and processes which ensure consistency with organizational goals and objectives such as stability, efficiency and productivity (Sen, 2002; Dierksmeier, 2009). In this view, organizational design, administrative structure and management approaches adhere to bureaucratic-hierarchical for m. The design of tasks follows principles of division of labour and efficiency maximization pegged on classical economics (Diefenbach, 2007). Control is achieved through systems of authority in the structure, written rules and regulations, punishment and coercion for deviants, as well as incentives such as career advancement and compensation for compliance (Mahoney, 2005). Recent emergence of neo-institutional or organizational economics applying rational-economic assumptions to the analysis of organizations has gained in popularity. This approach relaxes the narrow assumptions of rational economics and departs from the simplistic and negative view of the nature of humans (Sen, 2002; Mahoney and McGahan, 2007). The underlying assumption that humans are rational in intent, self-interest and readily opportunistic is retained though emphasis is made on the assumption of bounded rationality (Rubinstein, 2006; Thomas and Hardy 2011). Neo-institutional approaches, in their various constit uent theories, are premised on the perspective of ready belief that individuals are likely to seek avoidance, to withhold effort, or to act deviousness in pursuit of their own interests (Diefenbach, 2007; Folger and Salvador, 2008). Hence, self-interest is seen to be in conflict with collective interests with the former taking precedence in determining individual decisions and actions. With a basis on these assumptions, agency theorists who argue for control of agents (i.e. employees) by the principal (i.e. manager) affirm the need to adopt mechanisms for incentive, monitoring and control to align the conflicting interests and to prevent agents from pursuing their individual self-interest without regard to organizational goals (Kotter and Schlesinger, 1979). Proponents attempting to solve problems associated with collective action advocate the use of mechanisms to distinguish individual contribution (or lack thereof) which enable incentive or sanction mechanisms (Diefenbach, 2007). This perspective does not consider collective action and collaborative effort in the organizational context as feasible instead promoting greater control and authoritative hierarchical approaches. In its core assumptions, humans are regarded as rational and readily opportunistic making the joint pursuit of a shared organizational vision in organizational settings untenable. In disregard of collective (or organizational) interest, individuals are likely to shirk, withhold effort, and act in devious ways with their self-interest taking precedence and determining their decisions and actions. In this case, pluralism, which entails a bargaining process among diverse and sometimes competing interests in the attempt to maximize the goals of all involved cannot be realized. It is ineffective in organizational settings involving diverse and varied individual interests at play. Despite its significant influence, this perspective has been subject of various criticisms. Its control mechanisms a re deemed to hinder flexibility and responsiveness reducing employee morale, creativity and satisfaction (Frese and Fay 2001; Folger and Salvador, 2008). Its primary emphasis on external control mechanisms and monetary incentives is seen to reinforce and foster negative egocentric behaviour locking out collaborative behaviour essential for the advancement of the organization’s interests (Sen, 2002; Folger and Salvador, 2008; Frese and Fay 2001). The humanistic view This view challenges the core premises of the rational-economic perspective regarding human nature focusing on motivations that underlie human behaviour in a broader orientation (Nguyen, 2000; Lawson and Price, 2003). It is premised on a contrasting set of Theory Y assumptions also described by McGregor (1960) contrasting those of Theory X. These capture the essence of the humanistic perspective including the notion that individuals will to be self-directed, to work hard, and to assume responsibility (Nguyen, 2000; Dierksmeier, 2009). Unlike the earlier approach focused on lower order survival and security needs, such assumptions serve to create more humanistic organizations which endeavour to provide employees with greater opportunity to pursue their higher order needs for self-esteem and self-actualization (Rocha and Ghoshal, 2006; Harder et al, 2004). This view is compatible with the communitarian view which sees humans as multifarious and consequently cannot be limited to concept s such as egocentric, rational and pursuing only their self-interests, not even when regarding their economic transactions (Frese and Fay 2001). Communitarians posit instead that individuals are at the same time rational and social agents, pursuing both concerns of self and moral values of community. In their view, people want and endeavour to be part of and to identify with something larger than themselves, a group or community, and to contribute to some collective good. An ability of human beings to have and to express sympathy for others and to demonstrate commitment to other-oriented values and principles is consistent with this perspective (Nguyen, 2000). Incidentally, in instances when self-interests are in conflict with moral values and commitments in a social setting, the latter in communitarian theory, often supersedes the former as the basis for individual decision making (Mansbridge, 1990; Folger and Salvador, 2008). The communitarian perspective generally advocates for i nvolvement and participation, as well as engagement in civic, collective, and social processes and activities to encourage social and moral behaviour among individuals (Lively, 1978; Battilana and Casciaro, 2013). This backs up the premise that the use of economic incentives and factors that are intrinsically motivational can foster greater alignment between self- and collective interests resulting in an internalized moral commitment to collective good rather than one which is induced or incentivized (Lawson and Price, 2003). This perspective can also be subsumed under the collaboration theory which is of the general belief that individuals have social-moral potential for the pursuit of collective interests and thus are collaborative in nature (Harder et al, 2004; Rubinstein, 2006). Proponents of this perspective have suggested that organization based on the rational-economic perspective is insufficient and incapacitated in the modern dynamic, information-based society linked in net worked systems (Mahoney and McGahan. 2007). Others also posit that there are a number of positive benefits that could accrue from organizational structures, management approaches and incentive mechanisms consistent with collaborative assumptions. These include: increasing positive behaviour due to organizational citizenship and belonging (Battilana and Casciaro, 2013); enhancing willingness and motivation to perform; facilitating high levels of morale and creativity (Frese and Fay 2001); improving the quality of team-based action and work; support of win-win approaches to resolution of problems; besides enabling greater systemic coordination (van Dam et al, 2008).Communitarianism and the collaboration theory support and front the humanistic idea that there can be significant benefits for organizations from design features and management practices oriented towards shared power with employees through increased opportunities for co-leadership, autonomy, empowerment, self-management and participation. Collaboration theory is also premised on the view that due to the interdependence of an organization’s constituent parts, there is no inherent conflict between individual self-interest and the organization’s collective interest (Lively, 1978). Research on organizational culture, for instance, has shown that organizational effectiveness can be enhanced when employees are bound together by shared values, beliefs and practices, in their natural inclination to protect and advance collective interest (Lively, 1978; Battilana and Casciaro, 2013). The collaboration-oriented approach advocates for the replacement of traditional principal-agent relations and hierarchical authority serving to control and to direct employees by a pluralist stewardship approach to management. This aims to meet the needs of various stakeholders while serving the interests of the entire organization (Lively, 1978). This view and orientation favours pluralism given that individuals in the organizational context, with diverse and sometimes competing interests, are considered to have the capacity to co-exist and to achieve democratic equilibrium essential for the obtaining of a win-win compromise. This compromise and cooperation is essential for the change process and the attainment of enhanced performance. Accordingly, self-interest is not a hindrance in the pursuit of a share organizational vision given the potential for individuals to have shared values, beliefs, and practices, and a natural inclination to protect and to advance collective interest. Such a shared vision can be attained through the pursuit of a stewardship approach to management. These recommendations are however criticized for their optimism with regard to moral values, trust and willingness to contribute and to collaborate. This optimism is deemed by sceptics as underestimating the potential pervasiveness of self-interest, the strengths of existing power relations, and the risks of democracy i n the establishment of business relations; factors which necessitate the pursuit of greater managerial/principal control and direction (Folger and Salvador, 2008). The need for greater focus on self-interest In organizational settings, various individuals and different personalities are engaged and interact each with their own priorities and motivations. Behind the various economic facts pursued by organization in their operations are free human beings (McGregor, 1960). Unlike unalterable laws of nature, structures of economic behaviour are influenced by notions and ideals of these interacting individuals that are engaged in it (Frese and Fay 2001). Time and again throughout history, it has been shown that economic behaviour changes with alterations in human attitudes eroding various economic laws (McGregor, 1960; Harder et al, 2004). The individual freedom and ideas about its responsible use plays an eminent role in the economy and if directed and employed appropriately can have significant impact in furtherance of shared organizational vision and objectives. These freedoms and ideas and their individual application in various contexts cannot be conceptualized by abstract methods, predi cted or computed (Nguyen, 2000). Unlike physical systems, human beings form theories about their contexts and act, not simply driven by material causes as often assumed by economic theory, but upon their personal interpretations of the world (Lively, 1978; Dierksmeier, 2009). In the context of organizations and in everyday life, resistance is not a single set of behaviours employees exhibit in situations such as when change is instituted. It comprises various reactions, sometimes unconscious, to forces acting on individuals or groups in a particular environment and context (Thomas and Hardy 2011). Reality in business in the organizational context therefore requires â€Å"messy† procedures and qualitative assessments which result from unpredictable democratic as opposed to technocratic decision-making procedures (van Dam et al, 2008; Thompson and Martin, 2010). There can therefore hardly be a singular effective method or approach to the management of resistance as it requires that all the diverse concerns and needs be addressed. It is also noteworthy that the common reason leading to resistance such as the desire not to lose something of value, a misunderstanding of the change and its implications, and low tolerance for the change can in some way be tied up to self-interest (Harder et al, 2004). It is therefore imperative to focus on the particular self-interest of the various individuals so as to predict potential causes of the resistance, to create an understanding on the nature of their individual and particular resistance to change, to predict their individual responses to it, and to seek appropriate response to mitigate the concerns or to tackle upcoming issues. The various reactions to the change help to elucidate the effect and actual or potential impact of the change, which might not be evident in a closed hierarchical and controlled command system. Such an approach enables the realization of greater success in the change process as it enables jo int diagnosis of problems, fostering of consensus, development of a shared vision, enhancement of cohesion and revitalization in the path to the new vision, as well as the development of all-inclusive formal policies and enhanced monitoring and adjustment. It thus is not a coercive and an impelled process but one that is inclusive and shared. The more people’s needs are better understood, the better the management of the change process and the better the involvement and participation of affected individuals in the process. It is only through such wide engagement and consensus that any transformational change desired can be effected and sustained. Conclusion Regardless of the many types of change, a critical aspect is an organization’s ability to buy-in its employees to the change. This is the predominant reason why evaluation of the implication of self-interest, particularly the unbridled parochial self-concern, is essential to change management enabling the understanding of the nature of resistance to change and therefore how such resistance might be managed. Such a capability can facilitate the sustenance of transformational change, which enables enhanced organizational performance and consequently, success in the challenging modern business environment. The modern environment, given its attendant dynamism, networked systems and information-based societies, presents a challenge to traditional hierarchical and control approaches to management. This makes pluralist and democratic methods essential for the conduct of business in present day organizations. References Battilana, J., and T., Casciaro, 2013. Overcoming resistance to organizational change: strong ties and affective co-optation (Report). Management Science, (4), 819. Bennis, W., 2000. Managing the dream: Reflections on leadership and change. Cambridge, MA: Perseus. Beitler, M., 2005. Overcoming Resistance to Change. Viewed from: www.strategicorganizationalchange.com Dierksmeier, C., 2009. â€Å"A Requisite Journey: From Business Ethics to Economic Philosophy.† In: The Humanistic Management Network (ed.), Humanism in Business, 68–83. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Folger, R. and R. Salvador, 2008. Is management theory too self-fishJournal of Management, 1127-1151. Frese, M., and D., Fay, 2001. Personal initiative: An active performance concept for work in the 21st century. In: B. M. Staw and R. I. Sutton (Eds.), Research in organizational behaviour (Vol. 23, pp. 133–187). Amsterdam: Elsevier. Harder, J., P., Robertson, and H., Woodward, 2004. The spirit of the new workplace: Breathing life into organizations. Organizational Development Journal, 22(2), 79–103. Kotter, J., and L., Schlesinger, 1979. Choosing strategies for change. Harvard Business Review. March-April, 1979 Kotter, J., 1995. Leading change: Why transformation efforts fail. Harvard Business Review, 73(2), 59-67. Lawson, E., & Price, C., 2003. The psychology of change management. McKinsey Quarterly, (4), 30-41 Lively, C. 1978. Pluralism and consensus. In: P. Birnbaum, G. Parry, J. Lively, (eds.), Democracy, Consensus and Social Contract. London: Sage Publications, 188–202 Mahoney, J., 2005. Economic Foundations of Strategy. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage, Mahoney, J., and A., McGahan. 2007. The field of strategic management within the evolving science of strategic organization. Strategic Organ. 5(1) 79–99. Mansbridge, J., 1990. Beyond self-interest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press McGregor, D., 1960. The human side of enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill. Miller, D., 1999. The norm of self-interest. American Psychologist, 54, 1053–1060 Nguyen, H., 2000. Do humanistic values matterAcademy of Management Best Paper Proceedings, ODC: A1-A6. Rocha, H., and S., Ghoshal, 2006. Beyond self-interest revisited. Journal of Management Studies, 43: 585–619. Rubinstein, A., 2006. A sceptic’s comment on the study of economics. The Economic Journal, March: C1–C9. Sen, A., 2002. Rationality and Freedom. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Thompson, J., and Martin, F., 2010. Strategic Management: Awareness and Change. Cengage Learning EMEA. Diefenbach, T., 2007. The managerialistic ideology of organisational change management. Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 20 Issue: 1, pp.126 – 144 Thomas R., and C., Hardy, 2011. Reframing resistance to organizational change. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 27(3), 322-331. van Dam, K., Oreg, and B., Schyns, 2008. Daily Work Contexts and Resistance to Organisational Change: The Role of Leader–Member Exchange, Development Climate, and Change Process Characteristics. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57(2), 313-334. Zander, A., 1950. Resistance to change: Its analysis and prevention. Advanced Management, 4(5), 9-11.

Fracking For Oil And Natural Gas - 2240 Words

ASSIGNMENT #13 Fracking for Oil and Natural Gas WRITTEN BY MOSOPE ODUWOLE 250817380 moduwol@uwo.ca Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 CONVENTIONAL AND UNCONVENTIONAL OIL 3 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 CONVENTIONAL AND UNCONVENTIONAL OIL For centuries, oil and natural gas have been drilled and mined using conventional means, by digging in oil rich sandstones, conventional rocks. Due to the permeability of these rocks, it is easy for the oil and gas to flow to the surface from well bores and be collected for commercial use. But recently, concerns have been raised regarding the over-exploitation of these resources, as various reports show that with the current level of exploration, these reserves will soon be depleted.†¦show more content†¦The difference between these two sources – conventional and unconventional oil – is in the type of rock and depth of drilling, as well as the method used in bringing up the oil and gas. Whereas conventional oil and gas makes use of vertically drilled bores and shallow depths, unconventional oil is drilled at depths farther below in the earth’s surface (depths of up to 10,000 feet have been recorded), by making use of horizontal bores (figure 1). 1.2 HYDRAULIC FRACTURING FOR OIL AND GAS Prior to what is today known as Hydraulic Fracturing or â€Å"Fracking†, in the 19th century, water wells and bores had been fractured using explosives to create high permeability for both water and oil wells. Over the years, the technology has been refined and improved into what is used today for exploration in Shale rocks due to their low-permeability. Fracking is the process of pumping large gallons of water, mixed with sand and a â€Å"cocktail† of chemical compounds into existing crevices of underground oil and gas reserves, under very high pressure, thereby creating fissures and cracks in the rocks and hence improving the porosity and permeability of the rock formation. Figure 1: Conventional Gas reservoirs and Unconventional Gas Reservoirs (Shale Rock) Naturally occurring veins in the rock formations are used in the conventional sources to tap the oil, but in unconventional sources, these veins are either not large enough, or are too far apart and not